Techniques in underground mining ilo encyclopaedia. Appendix f underground coal mining methods and engineering dust controls. With the development and utilization of mineral resources, the production and disposal of tailings has become the important factor in the sustainable. Roomandpillar mining method has a low recovery rate a large percentage of ore. It consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard, underground mining methods handbook. Next, stopes tunnels that have direct access to mining the ore are mined. It is currently one of the most innovative mining methods in the industry. Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits. Mining in hard and soft rock formations require different techniques. Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining. After the ore body has been delineated and defined, a company may make several feasibility studies to determine the best way to mine the ore. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. Underground mining is nearly always more costly than surface mining. Short hole mining is similar to development mining, except that it occurs in ore.
Placer mining is the technique by which gold that has accumulated in a placer deposit is extracted. There are several techniques and processes by which gold may be extracted from the earth. When filling method was used in underground mining, the discharge of solid waste could be reduced into a very low degree. There are five basic types of surface mining, including openpit mining, strip mining, dredging, mountaintop removal, and highwall mining. Underground mining underground or subsurface mining involves the digging of a network of shafts and tunnels into the earth to reach and extract the deposit of ore or mineral beneath the earth. Team lead minex, india slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Ore is then removed or mucked out by a lhd load haul dump machine, which resembles a lowprofile articulated frontend loader. Other methods include shrinkage stope mining, which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room, long wall mining, which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and room and pillar mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place to. Different mining methods impose different load on the mine internal. Underground mining underground mines in the united states are typically operated using one of two different methods. New technology has enabled greater productivity and safer mining in underground operations, which has also helped decrease the cost of such production methods.
The revenue from the sale of the ore keeps the venture going and finances further development. Underground mining methods animations courtesy of sandvik tamrock canada. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Such a row is called a fan or a ring, which appears in different mining methods such as sublevel caving, block caving, and open stopping. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. Three types of excavations employed in the process are recognised in the figure. What are the primary methods of underground mining. Often, surface mining is preferred over underground mining, or subsurface mining, for numerous reasons. Surface mining involves stripping surface vegetation, dirt, bedrock and other layers of the earth to reach. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. Counting against underground mining are the costs, which, for each ton of material mined, are much higher. The method to be used for underground mining depends on the concentration of ore, strength of the surrounding rock, and the various risks involved. Mineral exploitation in which all the extraction is carried out beneath the surface of earth.
By the new stone age,humans had progressed to underground mining in systematic openings 2 to 3 ft 0. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Mining methods for underground mining of oilshale m. Open pit mining operations are the largest operations worldwide. Dec 05, 2008 plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. Jan 27, 2014 there is a variety of mining methods used, often in the same mine, depending on the geometry of the orebody and the stability of the rock. What are the different types of mining and how do they differ. Disposal methods on solid wastes from mines in transition from openpit to underground mining. The earths crust consists of a variety of rocks, formed under different cir.
Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Depending on the mineral being mined and the nature of the deposit, there are many different underground mining methods that can be implemented. The actual difference between surface and underground mining. Underground mining methods while most mineral deposits can be mined by either surface or underground methods, some minerals can only be recovered in a hybrid manner, usually by initial extracted by open pit mining, followed by underground methods. Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Accompanying text by terry gong, ubc mining engineering student room and pillar mining ramps inclined tunnels are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. Underground mining methods and applications longhole drilling and blasting stope drill rill ccess 2 figure 1. For a better understanding, sciencestruck gives more differences between these two methods. Slightly different names are in use, but those that are simple as well as descriptive are top slicing, sublevel caving, and block caving. In most underground mining methods, deep vertical tunnels called shafts are drilled into the ground, along with a set of horizontal tunnels called drifts from the shaft bottom to access the ore.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This method of mining is usually implemented when it is no longer viable to mine in an open mine. In comparison to other methods, underground mines impact less on the environment and are much more harmful to those working within them. Rock blasting in underground mining pdf free download. Gold mining is the process of mining of gold or gold ores from the ground. The blastholes in a ring are not parallel to one another. Underground mining is generally more selective than open pit. The development and use of very heavy duty face conveyors a.
Design and development of longwall shearers for overseas application k. Pdf mining methods underground mining mayra garcia. Methods for underground mining the choice of mining method is influenced by the shape and size of the ore deposit, the value of the contained minerals, the composition, stability and strength of the rock mass and the demands for production output and safe working conditions which sometimes are in conflict. Description of construction methods and activities 33 section b of this chapter overview of construction methods briefly describes the various technologies that could be used in combination to construct the second avenue subway, and identifies the factors that determine each technologys potential use. Choice of an underground mining method is often closely related to the geology of the deposit and degree of ground support necessary to make the. Nowadays, several large strip mines operate in areas that were previously mined by underground methods, for example new vaal colliery. Mining is further divided into several other categories including room and pillar mining, slope mining, block caving, quarrying, openpit mining and in situ mining. Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits. Open pit mining method works best when the deposit is close to the surface as it is way more economical to use this method instead of underground mining. When any ore body lies a considerable distance below the surface, the amount of waste that has to be removed in order to uncover the ore through surface mining becomes prohibitive, and underground techniques must be considered. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. Get underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies pdf file for free from our online library.
May 21, 2019 primary methods of underground mining. This pretty much sums up the comparison of surface vs. All of these methods remove the waste material or the overburden, that is above the desired resource. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. The procedure involves drilling vertically downwards directly into the ore. Using tons per manshift as a measure of productivity. Plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. Typically, long hole mining requires two excavations within the ore at different elevations below surface, 15 m 30 m apart. A schematic layout of an underground mine is shown in figure 12. Underground mining techniques and risks geology for investors.
Holes are drilled between the two excavations and loaded with explosives. The various methods of mining a coal seam can be classified under two headings, surface mining and underground mining. Underground mining methods previous next the choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. These are the methodstechniques employed when the depth of the deposit,the stripping ratio of the overburden to ore,or both becomes excessive to surface exploitation. An underground mine consists of the portals entrance and exits to the mines, mains, submains, panels, and working faces. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide. Underground mining methods 3 mining trends metal shares of total value gold copper iron ore nickel lead zinc pgms diamonds other value of metal. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. There are three distinctive methods of working large deposits that involve, in some way, the factor of caving. There are several different methods of long hole mining. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. Placer deposits are composed of relatively loose material that makes tunneling. Jul 24, 2016 4100 feet underground in the massive, abandoned admiral aaron ward mine duration. Placer mining is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands, or other environments.
In room and pillar mining, rooms are cut into the coal bed leaving a series of pillars, or columns of coal, to help support the mine roof and control the flow of air. Surface and underground coal mining are broad activities that incorporate numerous variations in equipment and methods, and the choice of which method to use in extracting a coal seam depends on. Exploring abandoned mines and unusual places 1,667,926 views. Mine waste management mining and money a future of mining. Sciencestruck explains what these methods are, with the applications of each one. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. In many room and pillar mines, the pillars are taken out starting at the farthest point from.
The choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. In such cases it is difficult to anticipate the stability of the overburden and geotechnical surveys are required especially where. This is due primarily to the difference in productivity between the two methods. Jul 21, 2016 underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. The two main types of mining are surface mining and underground mining. Purchase underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition.
More than 40 chapters covering such underground mining topics as sampling, planning, reserve analysis, cost calculations, various methods of. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. Drifts hori zontal tunnels are excavated at different elevations to surround the orebody. There are two ways to extract a mineral by digging it up, or accessing it by tunnels. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. Disposal methods on solid wastes from mines in transition. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. Read online now underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies ebook pdf at our library. The topics open pit mining underground mining mining equipment mining operations mining methods 3. Types of underground mining and their applications youtube. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. An underground mine consists of the portals entrance and exits to the. Rock blasting in underground mining chapter outline 19.
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